下の動画で、アシュトン教授は、医療従事者はベンゾジアゼピンおよび他の精神科処方薬に関連する問題を引き起こしていることに対して大きな責任を負わなければいけないと述べています。

医師たちが製薬業界にいとも簡単に丸め込まれ、何十年もの間、安易な処方をし、おかしな考え方を持ち、プロパガンダをそのまま受け入れ続けるという罪をおかしたと、彼女は述べています。また、臨床薬理学のトレーニングや薬物離脱のマネジメントが不足しているとも指摘しています。

彼女は、子供たち（時にはまだ２歳の子供）や高齢者に影響を及ぼしている、適応外処方（承認されていない目的で薬を使用すること）の増加についてもとりわけ懸念を示しています。

アシュトン教授は、ジャパンタイムズ紙の私の記事でコメントした日本の専門家である別府宏圀医師と同じ意見を共有し、患者の声に耳を傾けることが忘れ去られているとも指摘しています。また、ベンゾジアゼピンの中毒性や抗うつ薬の禁断症状の存在に最初に気付くのは、医師ではなく患者自身であったとも述べています。

アシュトン教授、別府医師ともに、製薬会社と政府の政策が及ぼす影響に懸念を表明しています。またアシュトン教授は、薬が精神疾患を治療するという、実は間違った考えに医師たちは誘惑されてきたとも述べるとともに、今日、薬理学を動かしているのは、科学ではなくお金であることは明らかなようだとも指摘しています。

最後に、アシュトン教授は、私たち全ての一般人が当局にプレッシャーをかけ続け、患者や医療従事者が日々見聞きすることを公表すべきであると助言しています。

ヴァーノン・コールマン医師　「トランキライザーのない生活へ」（1985年）　より

“世界で起きている最も大きな薬物中毒（薬物依存）の問題とは、ヘロインやコカイン、マリファナのことではない。実は、違法薬物では全くないのだ。世界で最も大きな薬物中毒問題はベンゾジアゼピン系と呼ばれる薬剤によって引き起こされている。この系統の薬剤は世界中で、医師によって広く処方され、見当もつかない甚大な数にのぼる全く正常な人たちが摂取している。薬物中毒の専門家は「ベンゾジアゼピンを止めさせることは、ヘロイン中毒者にヘロインを止めさせることよりも難しい」と指摘する。中毒者が薬物の鎖から抜け出すのを助けるために圧力団体がここ数年奮闘しているが、その闘いは虚しいものであった。一人がひとつのベンゾジアゼピンから抜け出したかと思えば、どこかで別の人が中毒になっている。この主な原因は、患者がベンゾジアゼピン中毒になるのとまさに同じレベルで、医師たちがベンゾジアゼピン処方中毒になっているからだと私は考える。この問題は穏やかに説得したり、患者に薬を止めさせようと試みたりすることで解決されるとは決して思わない。真の長期的解決はこれらの薬について知り、決して近づかないことであると考える。ベンゾジアゼピンの用途は大きくなく、それほど重要でもない。我々はこれらが無くてもやっていけるのだ。世界中の患者が団結し、こういった危険な製品の処方を認めるつもりはないことを表明しない限り、このベンゾジアゼピン問題が解決されることはないであろう。”

（出典：benzo.org.uk）

In order to improve the situation several areas need to be addressed including: Preventative Measures / Education, Addressing Current Problem, Changing Attitudes, Post Withdrawal Rehabilitation / Compensation, Research.

See Recommendations

The Bridge Project, Bradford
Annual Meeting, December 2011

INTRODUCTION

I am greatly honoured to be invited to speak to the Bridge Project.  I admire all your aims and your progress to date. Of course, I am especially interested in your benzodiazepine withdrawal service, one of the few organisations which offers help to the million or more long-term prescribed benzodiazepine users in the UK. Thank you for giving me the chance to air some views on this subject.

HISTORY / BACKGROUND

Although today is a happy event, it is also a tragedy, 60 years after the introduction of benzodiazepines, that there is a need for a benzodiazepine withdrawal service. Why should we need charitable organisations with non-medical staff to help people having problems with drugs prescribed by their doctors?  It is surely crazy. A long story has led to this situation to which doctors, drug companies, and government departments have all contributed interactively – a situation that has led to the suffering of many patients.

BENZODIAZEPINES

Benzodiazepines were introduced as a safer replacement for barbiturates which were causing a lot of problems, including drug dependence or addiction. That the dependence potential of benzodiazepines was overlooked by doctors casts shame on the medical profession which claims to be scientifically based. It was obvious that if one drug could replace another it must have common characteristics and usually a common mode of action. But the similarity between benzodiazepines and barbiturates was ignored.

In the 1970s there was a campaign called CURB in which doctors, egged on by the drug companies, were urged to prescribe benzodiazepines instead of barbiturates.  They complied with such zeal that by 1978 Valium (diazepam) became the most commonly prescribed drug in the whole world. Many patients took it for years on end.

However, the benzodiazepines had never been tested for dependence or withdrawal effects. They were prescribed for anxiety, insomnia, and all the major and minor stresses of life such as going to the dentist, taking a driving test, taking an exam and much else. It was even suggested that Valium should be added, like fluoride, to the drinking water. Together people would be blessed both with tranquillity and strong teeth!

MARKETING

At about this time there was a change in the way drug companies were run.  A pharmacologist working for Sanofi Pharmaceuticals remarked, “In the beginning the companies were run by chemists, but now most of them are run by people with MBAs, people who could be the chief executive of Renault or Volvo, for example. They don’t know about drugs” – But clearly, they do know where the market is.

The same pharmacologist reported, “When you find a drug that looks interesting, the problem comes when you present it to the company’s financial analyst. You say, I have an exciting new drug which looks medically useful. Good, says the financial analyst, what is the market? So you have to decide for what indication the drug should be developed.  If the indication is not there, it must be created – in other words a disease suitable for the drug must be invented.”

One of the many examples of this process was the development of Xanax (alprazolam), a very potent benzodiazepine, for panic disorder. The marketing of this drug was designed to suggest that Xanax had unique properties that would displace diazepam (Valium) from the top market position. There was in fact nothing unique about Xanax, except its potency – (it was 20 times stronger than Valium). All the benzodiazepines, including Valium, could control panic attacks.

Xanax was duly marketed by Upjohn. It did control panics but at the cost of heavy sedation because 4-6mg doses were used – equivalent to 80-120mg diazepam.   Nevertheless, Xanax overtook Valium as the most widely prescribed benzodiazepine.  It was dropped by the NHS here because of adverse effects, but it is still widely prescribed in the U.S, Australia, Japan and other countries.

DSM CLASSIFICATIONS

Meanwhile, the physicians of the American Psychiatric Association, who produce the internationally accepted Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders (DSM), were working on a classification of anxiety disorders. In the new DSM III, panic disorder (the term invented by the makers of Xanax) became a separate anxiety state and anxiety was officially split into separate categories including panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder and others.  60-100% of the panel members, who devised this classification, had financial ties to drug companies.

The inference of the new classification was that these separate disorders respond to different drugs. But in fact they all merge together – for example, if you have generalised anxiety you often get panic attacks; if you have panic attacks you are prone to agoraphobia etc. And all these categories respond to the same drugs including all the benzodiazepines. If they all respond to the same drugs and the symptoms are common to all types, they clearly cannot be separate entities. But they are still differentiated in the present DSM IV.

ADDICTIVENESS

The backlash came when the patients on long-term benzodiazepines themselves complained to their doctors that the drugs were addictive, mainly because they got withdrawal symptoms if they tried to stop. Eventually, in the early 1980s, controlled trials demonstrated beyond doubt that withdrawal symptoms from regular therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines were real, and often severe, and that they indicated physical dependence on the drugs. Finally, the medical profession accepted officially, on the grounds that they produced a withdrawal syndrome, that benzodiazepines were addictive if taken long term.

Z-DRUGS

Not to be outdone, the drug companies later produced the Z-drugs such as zopiclone and zolpidem. Although they are not benzodiazepines they act in the same way and also cause dependence and a withdrawal syndrome.

ANTI-DEPRESSANTS

With a declining popularity of benzodiazepines came a renewed interest in antidepressant drugs – especially as the Chief Medical Officer warned in 1980, that long-term benzodiazepines cause or aggravate depression and increase suicidal tendencies.

New antidepressant drugs were introduced in the shape of the SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) in a deliberate tactic to displace benzodiazepines. Drug companies sponsored international symposia where speakers warned of the harm caused by benzodiazepines and suggested that SSRIs were not only good antidepressants but also worked for panic disorder, general anxiety, social phobia, post-traumatic stress and obsessive compulsive disorder.

And so in 1987 Prozac came on the scene and successfully ousted benzodiazepines as the most popular drug for depression, anxiety and general well-being.

But there is a sting in the tail of this story too. After a while it became apparent that SSRIs, like benzodiazepines, produced a similar withdrawal syndrome, when they were stopped. The doctors were surprised by this discovery and this was another example of their ignorance and lack of thought. It was already known that the older antidepressants produced a withdrawal reaction. Needless to say, the drug companies did not test SSRIs for withdrawal reactions.

DEFINITIONS

As previously mentioned, the benzodiazepines had been accepted as being addictive on the basis of their withdrawal effects. Now the all-powerful physicians of the American Psychiatric Association were faced with SSRI withdrawal. So once again they shifted their position. They adroitly changed their definition of drug dependence in the DSM IV. Withdrawal effects were no longer enough to qualify. The criteria for dependence were extended to include tolerance, dosage escalation and other characteristics. And the withdrawal syndrome was replaced by the patronising euphemism “discontinuation reaction”. As if a patient would think there was some subtle distinction between ‘discontinuation’ and ‘withdrawal’.

I can’t help thinking that there is something Orwellian in these manipulations, like the slogan in Animal Farm which started as “4 legs good; 2 legs bad”, but when pigs started walking on their hind legs the slogan was changed to “2 legs good; 4 legs bad”.  In other words “discontinuation effects good; withdrawal effects bad”.

BIG PHARMA

So it seems that Big Pharma is slowly strangling the medical profession, like ivy growing up a tree, and forcing medical complicity with drug company aims – resulting in changed definitions of dependence and even new classes of mental illness.

Heads of drug companies earn enormous salaries. For example the head of Wyeth, which makes Ativan, is paid $24 million a year. There are as many Fat Cats in the drug industry as there are among bankers. The companies have used many methods to implement their drug sales. I can only mention a few.

One is to sponsor drug trials in which only the favourable results are published; negative results are suppressed. The company purchases thousands of reprints of their publications giving the journals a profit margin of 30%. Richard Smith, a former editor of the British Medical Journal, said, “An editor may face a stark conflict of interest: publish a trial that will bring in $100,000 of profit or fire a subeditor to meet your budget”.

A second method is to woo doctors by funding conferences at attractive resorts, with business class flight seats, large honoraria to speakers, free gifts and expensive dinners.

Thirdly, there are the drug reps who visit doctors in their offices. US drug firms employ around 100,000 drug reps at a cost of $5 billion a year. A successful rep campaign can bring in $10 for every $1 spent.

A fourth method is by advertising. The more heavily advertised a drug the greater the sales and the greater number of prescriptions, and the apparent incidence of the illness at which the drug is aimed to treat also increases.

ILLICIT DRUG SCENE

A combination of drug company promotions and doctors’ overprescribing has led to some tragic results, such as prescribed drugs entering the illicit drug scene. Nowadays most illicit drug abusers also take, and may inject, benzodiazepines – which can result in limb amputations, HIV infection and hepatitis C, among other complications. And BZs are now obtainable over the internet.

PROFITS vs. SCIENCE

It is clear that money, not science, is driving medicine. Of course the drug industry provides and promotes drugs with the aim of making money, while the medical profession prescribes these drugs with the aim of helping people.

Yet the drug companies are the only ones with enough money to develop new drugs which can, and have, saved many lives. At present there is a wave of medical opinion against the drug companies. But an unfortunate result has been to drive the two professions apart when they should be collaborating.

Partly because of increasingly strict regulations, there has been a decrease in the development of new drugs, thus denying some patients access to drugs that may help them.

Fortunately, there are some recent faint signs that the government is hoping to tackle this problem by earlier licencing of new drugs through the NHS and cooperative research between drug companies and Medical Research Council scientists. And drug companies are becoming slightly more transparent in their dealings.

THE PLOTICAL SYSTEMS

How is the government involved in this? Well, the Department of Health sponsors both the drug industry and public health matters. The same Department, indeed the same Minister, is responsible both for negotiating drug prices for the NHS (the NHS has to buy all our drugs) and for ensuring that NHS spending on drugs is sufficient to keep the UK drug industry profitable. In practice, the drug industry affects every level of health care provision from the licensing of new drugs, to the promotion of drugs to prescribers, and to the compilation of clinical guidelines.

In 2005 the House of Commons Health Committee issued a report on “The Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry”. They recommended that the sponsorship of the drug industry should pass to the Department of Trade and Industry while the Department of Health should concentrate solely on public health.

This seemed a sensible recommendation but unfortunately the government rejected it.  There is now an all party parliamentary group which aims to improve facilities for prescribed benzodiazepine users but so far with little effect. Meanwhile the government spends large amounts on drug abusers but virtually nothing on prescribed BZ users who do not ‘abuse’ drugs.

ACCOUNTABILITY

In a radio programme this year, Professor Lader, who was one of the first to document benzodiazepine problems, was asked why the Department of Health had not taken action, as the Department itself admits that there are over 1 million long-term, prescribed benzodiazepine users in the UK who receive little help in withdrawal.

His depressing reply was that the DOH is influenced by the powerful drug companies who would have to pay out millions of $/£ in compensation if the health risks of long-term benzodiazepines were exposed, and also that GPs are afraid of litigation from patients who have been prescribed long-term benzodiazepines. This is a corrupt state of affairs and, as always, it is the patients who pay the price.

WITHDRAWAL CLINIC

This takes me to the patients I saw in my withdrawal clinic. The clinic started as a clinical pharmacology unit at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle for people who had adverse effects from any type of prescribed drugs. But in 1981 patients started to be referred because of adverse effects from benzodiazepines, and I was soon inundated with anxious patients wanting to come off their prescribed benzodiazepines which they had often been on for many years, 20 years or more.

They themselves had realised that the drugs, though initially effective, were no longer working and seemed to be actually making them feel ill. They had many symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, depression and poor memory as well as physical symptoms.  But if they tried to stop the drugs, the symptoms got worse and a host of withdrawal symptoms appeared. The effects of long-term benzodiazepines and withdrawal symptoms are shown in the handout. They are too numerous to mention here.

These patients felt that they were addicted and asked for help in withdrawal. I knew nothing at the time about addiction or withdrawal (which were not taught in medical school) but there were so many patients that I had to start a special benzodiazepine withdrawal clinic.

None of my colleagues wished to be involved, so I ran this clinic single-handedly for 12 years, from 1982-1994, when I had to retire from the NHS on grounds of age. Not knowing what else to do, I just listened to the patients and it was actually they themselves who taught me what I know about the effects of long-term benzodiazepines and about the effectiveness of slow tapered withdrawal.

I followed closely the progress of these patients week-by-week and sometimes day-by-day, and gradually, from their experiences, developed a generally applicable gradual withdrawal method. The success rate for these patients was nearly 90% and there were very few relapses.

SUPPORT

The experiences of these patients have been confirmed in many studies and by thousands of patients attending tranquilliser support groups in the UK, Europe and the US. Later, but too late, there were warnings from the DOH in 1980 and 1988 that benzodiazepines are indicated for short-term use only – ideally a maximum of 2-4 weeks.

Yet a recent GP study in Newcastle showed that there is still an average of 185 long-term (over 6 months) prescribed benzodiazepine users in every GP practice and probably over a million in the UK. No-one took over my clinic when I retired, and Professor Lader’s clinic in London also closed. So it is now up to organisations such as this one to provide services for these patients.

That is why I was delighted to hear about the Bradford benzodiazepine withdrawal service and the wonderful progress it has made since it started in 2008. The results have been summarised in an excellent report by Dr. Bray. I think the service has adopted exactly the right approach, which is for a specialist worker to cooperate closely with GPs and to operate within the GPs surgeries.

An experienced worker can give needed time, support and encouragement to patients while also educating the GPs about devising withdrawal schedules and the rational prescribing of benzodiazepines in general. At present I understand there is only one lone worker (Debbie Fielding who is a trained counsellor and drug worker). I hope it will be possible to extend the service to engage many more workers here in Bradford and that other organisations, all over the country, will follow your example.

LISTENING

Only those who give time to listen have any idea of the problems of individuals who, through failure of the present health system, and through no fault of their own, are driven to seek advice from organisations like the Bradford Service for practical help with benzodiazepine withdrawal.